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مجلة النفط والتعاون العربي
161
العدد
- 2017
أربعون
المجلد الثالث و ال
2016
أوابك العلمية لعام
�
ص لبحوث العلمية الفائزة بجائزة
�
عدد خا
70
60
The collection rates in individual EU countries in 2006 range between 20% for
the Netherlands and 54% for Luxembourg. The EU average is 35%, well below
the target of 50%. These collection rates refer to consumption and if they are
referred to the theoretically collectable, they would be much higher (double or
more than the above rates). The low collection rates reflect the difficulties of used
oil management even in these well developed countries. The major countries
collection rates are 40, 44 and 45% for Italy, UK and Germany respectively.
There is a potential of at least another 0.9 million tons a year to be collected either
for burning or re-refining in the EU. These rates have improved in later years for
some countries.
Table (8)
EU Lube Oils Disposition
–
Million tons/y
2006
2008
Consumption
5.8
5.7
Used Oil Collection
2.0
2.0
Burning
1.1
1.1
Re-refining
0.7
0.7
Others
0.1
0.2
Source: 2006 (1) & 2008 (61) - Both based on GEIR. Also (25)
In the United States:
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies waste oils, including
used oils, into two categories. On-specification oils are those that do not cause
much environmental concern while off-specification oils are those that do cause
environmental concern due to higher limits of heavy metals, halogens, or the
presence of low volatile fuels
4
.
Specifically, any used oil that contains more than 5, 2, 10, 100, 4000 parts per
million (ppm) of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead and halogens respectively is
classified as off-specification
4
. The flash point must also be 38
o
C minimum to
avoid possible explosion on ignition.
The EPA allows the burning of on-specification waste or used oils for heat
recovery in specific equipment without limitation while the o
ff-specification
waste oils are allowed to be burned in smaller devices of “500,000 BTUs or less,
vent to the outside and burn only oils generated on-
site”
4,60
.
Reviewed lube oils disposition in the US for 10 years did not show many changes
with respect to volumes
1
. Therefore the 1995 numbers from a 2006 Department
of Energy (DOE) study
1, 3
are still representative, according to DOE, and shown
in Table (9).