144 / 222
البحـث الثاني
137
2016
أوابك العلمية لعام
�
ص لبحوث العلمية الفائزة بجائزة
�
عدد خا
مجلة النفط والتعاون العربي
161
العدد
- 2017
أربعون
المجلد الثالث و ال
Re-refining of Used Lubricating Oil and its Economic and Environmental Implications
14
Figure 5 Regional lube oil consumption, collection and recycling of used oil
Source: Own elaboration; data collected from Vertex (2016); Statista (2015);UNEP(2012); Kline
(2010
)
3.2
Lubricating Oils chemistry and composition
3.2.1 Lubricating oil
Lubricant base oil is a heavy petroleum fraction and boils in the range of 300-400ºC
under vacuum. The hydrocarbon composition of base oils consists primarily of complex
molecules including saturated hydrocarbons, aromatics and parrafins. In order to make
it suitable for use, this oil fraction, once separated from crude, undergoes further
treatment whereby a large number of additives are added to the base oil. While
reducing friction is a key objective of lubrication, there are many other benefits that can
be accrued from it provided that additives are added to the base oil. These additives can
enhance or suppress properties within the base oil. A typical lubricant may contain 90%
base oil and 10% additives. The base oil, in combination with the additives, determines
the flow characteristics of the finished lubricant, its volatility and its oxidation stability
(Randles, 2007).
Additives include, but are not limited to, the following:
Antioxidants: They prevent decomposition occurring in lubricants as a result of
oxidation in the presence of air.
0
4
8
12
16
20
Asia Pacific North america Europe Latin America Arab Countries
Million tons per year
Lube consumption Collected Re-refined