91 / 222
مجلة النفط والتعاون العربي
161
العدد
- 2017
أربعون
المجلد الثالث و ال
2016
أوابك العلمية لعام
�
ص لبحوث العلمية الفائزة بجائزة
�
عدد خا
84
74
Table (16)
Capital Cost for Various Projects Adjusted to 2015
Capacity
Kton/y
Year
Capital
$ million
capital
Adjusted to
2015
K$/ton/y
USA
250
1991
120.0
217.0
0.9
USA
17
1994
7.0
11.8
0.7
USA
8
1994
3.5
5.9
0.7
USA
36
1994
15.0
25.2
0.7
Saudi Arabia
50
1995
28.8
47.1
0.9
Saudi Arabia
50
1995
17.7
29.0
0.6
UK
35
2001
13.8
19.6
0.6
UK
35
2001
25.2
35.6
1.0
Bahrain
36
2011
9.0
10.2
0.3
Turkey
80
2012
53.0
57.1
0.7
France
120
2013
72.5
76.2
0.6
Uzbekstan
45
2014
15.0
15.4
0.3
Australia
88
2014
65.0
66.6
0.8
Belarus
15
2015
20.0
20.0
1.3
Source: various
-
A collection of capital cost data over the years and different countries
does not reveal a definitive trend because the processes are not always
known and the circumstances of the projects may be different.
However, Table (16) shows the data with the capital cost adjusted to
2015 by using an inflation factor of 2.5% a year.
Italy: Example of Success
The experience of Italy in re-refining used oils is very relevant as an example of
a successful effort and cooperation between the government and the lube
manufacturing and re-refining companies.
The operation is helped by laws and regulations that evolved over the years in the
European Union or in Italy itself driven by environmental concerns and resource
conservation
104
.
The latest development in the legislative frame work is the follow up on the EU
Waste Framework Directive where re-refining used oil is at a higher priority than
burning for energy recovery though not compulsory. The Directive seeks the
reduction of waste production, preparing for re-use, re-refining or energy
recovery or disposal
104
.